By Frank Mattheis & Ueli Staeger The African Union (AU) has developed ambitious plans for the continent, ranging from security to trade. But when it comes to financing these ambitions the organisation is caught between a rock and a hard place. Since the AU does not have an independent source of income, it either has to ask members for their irregular payments or remain dependent on external partners. Financing the AU goes to the heart of its pan-African agenda, which is driven by decolonial integration and development objectives. Having examined the finances of numerous organisations in the Global South, we observe that the double dependency on member States and external donors poses important challenges for the establishment of independent and powerful administrations. The AU is a particularly telling case of this trend. Unsustainable funding has hindered the AU from developing to its full potential. Irregular payments from member States and fragmented external funding have led to repeated cash-flow crises, often with serious consequences. For instance, in 2016 the AU’s mission in Somalia failed to pay allowances to its soldiers for six months. Achieving financial autonomy requires member States to improve their payment record. Simultaneously, the AU needs to wean itself from external funding, even if its administrative and institutional reforms make it ever more attractive to external partners. AU sanctions and member States’ arrears Although the 55 member States have in principle agreed to provide the AU with reliable and adequate financial means, African governments do not always consider it a priority in practice. Many States pay their yearly fees late or only in part. However, the AU is rendered powerless. In 2018, a three-stage sanctions regime came into effect to deal with defaulting States. The longer a member state fails to pay its financial contributions, the more rights it loses. While some consequences are primarily symbolic, others severely curtail their leeway in foreign policy, such as losing the right to host summits or run for office. In an institution that traditionally prefers consensus over confrontation, the imposition of sanctions constitutes a drastic measure. In one recent case, the new assertiveness has proven to be effective. In June 2020, it became public that South Sudanese officials had been barred from attending AU meetings. The country rushed to reduce its arrears just enough to have the sanctions lifted. In another recent case, Tunisia’s foreign minister publicly lamented his country’s first ever sanctions for non-payment. However, the implementation of AU financial autonomy is much harder to achieve than general political agreements as it generates conflict over public finances at the national level. The urgency to cover AU membership dues is doubtlessly relayed by ambassadors in Addis Ababa, but time and time again, domestic budgeting issues undermine the disbursement. Many treasuries are reluctant to give in because AU membership is a sizeable budgetary item. For example, in 2019 S