Peter Marray Marshall of New York appointed to American Medical Associations House of Delegates.

The Battle of Waterberg on August 11, 1904 in German South-West Africa (Namibia), triggered the annihilation decree by German military of the Herero people, the indigenous nomadic inhabitants of the area.  An estimated 60,000 to 100,000 people perished during and after The Battle of Waterberg which marked the beginning of Germanys extermination campaign which continued until 1908.

The German colonization of South-West Africa began in 1883, two years before the official Partition of Africa, when settlers arrived and expropriated land, cattle, and water rights from local peoples, including the Hereros.  By 1903, the Herero had ceded over 50,000 square miles of land to the Germans. Some Herero resisted German settler encroachment and engaged in periodic battles with the settlers. In one of the largest of these battles, the Herero led Samuel Maharere, killed about 100 German soldiers and farmers near the small northern town of Okahandja.

The Okahandja deaths were used by Imperial Germany as a pretext to initiate the military occupation of all of South-West Africa. Fourteen thousand troops were dispatched to the German colony under the leadership of Lieutenant General Adrian Dietrich Lothar von Trotha. This proved to be the costliest military campaign prior to World War I ever undertaken by Germany.

By the time the first German troops under von Trotha arrived, the Herero had moved inland away from German settler areas.  They considered their conflict with the Germans to be over and were now waiting under Maharero to begin a dialogue for peace.  

In the spring of 1904, nearly 8,000 Herero had gathered on the Plateau of Waterberg at the last big waterhole before the Omaheke Desert, expecting to engage in land rights negotiation with von Trotha. Instead, German military forces, on August 11, 1904 surrounded the Hereros forcing them to flee down a dried river bed into the Omaheke Desert.  Those not killed by pursuing soldiers perished by thirst.  

The German military then constructed a 200 mile fence locking the

The African Methodist Zion and Asbury African Methodist churches, both of New York City, started their own separate African Methodist Episcopal Conference, still within the Methodist Episcopal Church.

Rowan was born August 11, 1925, in the mining town of Ravenscroft, Tennessee.

Thaddeus Stevens , (born April 4, 1792, Danville, Vermont, U.S.—died August 11, 1868, Washington, D.C.), U.S. Radical Republican congressional leader during Reconstruction (1865–77) who battled for freedmen’s rights and insisted on stern requirements for readmission of Southern states into the Union after the Civil War (1861–65).

Admitted to the Maryland bar, he moved to Pennsylvania to practice law in 1816. Having witnessed the oppressive slave system at close range, he early developed a fierce hatred of bondage and defended numbers of fugitives without fee. An anti-Masonic member of the state legislature (1833–41), he proved himself a friend of banks, internal improvements, and public schools and a foe of Freemasons, Jacksonian Democrats, and slaveholders. Serving as a Whig in the U.S. House of Representatives (1849–53), he advocated tariff increases and opposed the fugitive slave provision of the Compromise of 1850.

In the middle of the decade he joined the newly formed Republican Party, which opposed extension of slavery into the western territories; again he was elected to Congress (1859–68), where he became, in the words of a fellow member, the “natural leader, who assumed his place by common consent.” He exerted this leadership by means of his sarcastic eloquence, his parliamentary skills, and his privileges as chairman of the Ways and Means Committee and later of the Appropriations Committee.

After the war Stevens emerged as one of the most militant of the Radical Republicans, consistently striving for justice for the black masses. Alert to the return to power of traditional white Southern leadership, he argued that the seceded states were in the condition of “conquered provinces” to which restraints of the Constitution did not apply.

When Congress met in December 1865, Stevens took the lead in excluding the traditional senators and representatives from the South. As a member of the joint Committee on Reconstruction, he played an important part in the preparation of the Fourteenth (due process)

Six-day insurrection started in Watts section of Los Angeles. National Guard was mobilized on August 13, Rebellion toll: 34 killed, 1,032 injured, 3,952 arrested, $35 million in property damage.

Actor and co-composer of Lift Every Voice And Sing, J Rosamond Johnson, born, 1873

Death of Thaddeus Stevens (76), architect of the Radical Reconstruction program, in Washington.

Author of Roots, Alex Haley was born, 1921

The Watts riots, sometimes referred to as the Watts Rebellion,[1] took place in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles from August 11 to 16, 1965.

On August 11, 1965, an African-American motorist was arrested for suspicion of drunk driving. A minor roadside argument broke out, and then escalated into a fight. The community reacted in outrage to allegations of police brutality that soon spread, and six days of looting and arson followed. Los Angeles police needed the support of nearly 4,000 members of the California Army National Guard to quell the riots, which resulted in 34 deaths[2] and over $40 million in property damage. The riots were blamed principally on police racism. It was the citys worst unrest until the Rodney King riots of 1992.

In the Great Migration of the 1920s, major populations of African-Americans moved to Northern and Midwestern cities such as Detroit, Chicago, St. Louis, Cincinnati, Philadelphia, Boston, and New York City to pursue jobs in newly established manufacturing industries; to establish better educational and social opportunities; and to flee racial segregation, Jim Crow Laws, violence and racial bigotry in the Southern states. This wave of migration largely bypassed Los Angeles. In the 1940s, in the Second Great Migration, black Americans migrated to the West Coast in large numbers, in response to defense industry recruitment efforts at the start of World War II. The black population in Los Angeles leapt from approximately 63,700 in 1940 to about 350,000 in 1965, rising from 4% of LAs population to 14%.[3] [4]

Los Angeles had racial restrictive covenants that prevented blacks and Mexican Americans from renting and buying in certain areas, even long after the courts ruled them illegal in 1948. Since the beginning of the 20th century, Los Angeles has been geographically divided by ethnicity. In the 1910s, the city was already 80% covered by racially restrictive covenants in real estate.[5] By the 1940s, 95% of Los Angeles and southern California housing was off-limits to African

Alex Haley , in full Alexander Palmer Haley (born August 11, 1921, Ithaca, New York, U.

The Second Liberian Civil War was an intense four-year conflict that involved child soldiers on all sides and extensive civilian casualties. It was also one of the few civil wars that spread into neighboring countries, in this case, Guinea and Sierra Leone. The conflict began in April 1999 when a rebel group, Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy (LURD), with the support of the government of neighboring Guinea, began a military offensive to topple the government of President Charles Taylor. They quickly gained control over much of Northern Liberia.

The origin of the second civil war was rooted in the previous conflict waged between 1989 and 1996 which saw former rebel leader Charles Taylor become president of the entire nation, following UN-monitored elections in 1997. The country remained at peace only two years before LURD began its military campaign. Most of LURD were Mandingo and Krahn fighters led by Sekou Conneh. Many of them had been part of the rebel group, United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy (ULIMO), which had fought in the first Liberian civil war against Taylor’s National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL) as well as the government of President Samuel Doe.

In September 2000, to weaken support for the rebels from the government of Guinea and Sierra Leone which was now also supporting LURD, Taylor persuaded anti-government dissidents in both nations to form the Revolutionary United Front (RUF). They along with some of his paramilitary supporters began insurgencies and thus expanded the conflict to three nations. His action drew condemnation and opposition from the UN as well as support for Guinea and Sierra Leone from Great Britain and the United States.

By early 2002, LURD troops had outmaneuvered Taylor’s forces and were only about twenty-seven miles from Monrovia, the capital. Under leaders Conneh and Thomas Nimely, LURD troops mounted successful raids that bypassed government strongholds, and in May, they staged a bold attack on Arthington, less than twelve miles from

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Ted Radcliffe , byname of Theodore Roosevelt Radcliffe (born July 7, 1902, Mobile, Alabama, U.S.—died August 11, 2005, Chicago, Illinois), American baseball player who was a pitcher and catcher in the Negro leagues. Radcliffe was known for his strong throwing arm and, later, for his expansive storytelling.

Radcliffe was raised in Mobile, Alabama, and he and his brother Alec, also later a Negro league player, relocated to Chicago after World War I. Radcliffe began his career in the Negro leagues with the Detroit Stars in 1928; he batted .316 in his 1929 season with them. He joined the St. Louis Stars in 1930, batting .283 and pitching 10 wins and 2 losses, and in 1931 he batted .298 and pitched 9–5 for the Homestead Grays. In 1932, playing for the Pittsburgh Crawfords, Radcliffe batted .325 and went 19–8 in pitching. That same year, writer Damon Runyon dubbed him “Double Duty” after witnessing him play one game as a catcher and the next as a pitcher against the New York Black Yankees. Radcliffe played in the leagues’ East-West All-Star Game six times, three as a pitcher and three as a catcher. Over his entire career he played for 13 Negro league teams in addition to spending time on numerous semiprofessional teams, some of them integrated.

Radcliffe managed the Memphis Red Sox from 1937 to 1938 and the Chicago American Giants in 1943 and 1950 while simultaneously playing for those teams. He also staged frequent exhibition games against teams in the white leagues. Radcliffe retired in 1954, but in the 1960s he returned to serve as a scout for the Cleveland Indians.

As well as demonstrating versatility on the field, Radcliffe was known for his humour; the chest protector that he wore while functioning as a catcher was emblazoned with the phrase “Thou Shalt Not Steal” (one of the Ten Commandments), referring to his intention of preventing the other team from stealing bases. When interviewed by sports journalists later in life, he often related hyperbolic tales of the extraordinary athletic feats that he and other

August 11, 1955

Editor:

I promised God and some other responsible characters, including a bench of bishops, that I was not going to part my lips concerning the U.S. Supreme Court decision on ending segregation in the public schools of the South. But since a lot of time has passed and no one seems to touch on what to me appears to be the most important point in the hassle, I break my silence just this once. Consider me as just thinking out loud.

The whole matter revolves around the self-respect of my people. How much satisfaction can I get from a court order for somebody to associate with me who does not wish me near them? The American Indian has never been spoken of as a minority and chiefly because there is no whine in the Indian. Certainly he fought, and valiantly for his lands, and rightfully so, but it is inconceivable of an Indian to seek forcible association with anyone. His well known pride and self-respect would save him from that. I take the Indian position.

Now a great clamor will arise in certain quarters that I seek to deny the Negro children of the South their rights, and therefore I am one of those “handkerchief-head niggers” who bow low before the white man and sell out my own people out of cowardice. However an analytical glance will show that that is not the case.

If there are not adequate Negro schools in Florida, and there is some residual, some inherent and unchangeable quality in white schools, impossible to duplicate anywhere else, then I am the first to insist that Negro children of Florida be allowed to share this boon. But if there are adequate Negro schools and prepared instructors and instructions, then there is nothing different except the presence of white people.

For this reason, I regard the ruling of the U.S. Supreme Court as insulting rather than honoring my race. Since the days of the never-to-be-sufficiently deplored Reconstruction, there has been current the belief that there is no great[er] delight to Negroes than physical association with whites. The doctrine of the white

Early Kingdoms in the Region:

The first inhabitants of the region [now Equatorial Guinea] are believed to have been Pygmies, of whom only isolated pockets remain in northern Rio Muni. Bantu migrations between the 17th and 19th centuries brought the coastal tribes and later the Fang. Elements of Fang may have generated the Bubi, who immigrated to Bioko from Cameroon and Rio Muni in several waves and succeeded former Neolithic populations.

The Annobon population, native to Angola, was introduced by the Portuguese via Sao Tome.

Europeans Discover the Island of Formosa:

The Portuguese explorer, Fernando Po (Fernao do Poo), seeking a route to India, is credited with having discovered the island of Bioko in 1471. He called it Formosa (pretty flower), but it quickly took on the name of its European discoverer [it is now known as Bioko]. The Portuguese retained control until 1778, when the island, adjacent islets, and commercial rights to the mainland between the Niger and Ogoue Rivers were ceded to Spain in exchange for territory in South America (Treaty of Pardo).

From 1827 to 1843, Britain established a base on the island to combat the slave trade. The Treaty of Paris settled conflicting claims to the mainland in 1900, and periodically, the mainland territories were united administratively under Spanish rule.

Spain lacked the wealth and the interest to develop an extensive economic infrastructure in what was commonly known as Spanish Guinea during the first half of this century.

Through a paternalistic system, particularly on Bioko Island, Spain developed large cacao plantations for which thousands of Nigerian workers were imported as laborers.

At independence in 1968, largely as a result of this system, Equatorial Guinea had one of the highest per capita incomes in Africa. The Spanish also helped Equatorial Guinea achieve one of the continents highest literacy rates and developed a good network of health care facilities.

A Province of Spain:

In 1959, the Spanish territory of the Gulf of Guinea was

Carl Thomas Rowan was born on this day.

Race riot, Paterson, New Jersey. (8/11-12).

Anthony Phills received U.S. patent #5,136,787 on August 11, 1992 for a ruler template for computer keyboard.

Inventor, Anthony Phills was born in Trinidad & Tobago and grew up in Montreal, Canada and now been lives in Los Angles. Presently, Anthony is the Founder and CEO of Blinglets Inc a new mobile service and Chief Creative Officer and Shareholder in Bling Software. KeyRules was Anthonys first patent, which he licensed exclusively to Aldus Software (now known as Adobe) in 1993.

Anthony Phills has designed for Adobe (InDesign), RealNetworks (RealPlayer 5), Microsoft, Barry Bonds, Siemens, GM, Banamex, CitiBank, Bell Canada, Tommy Hilfiger, Ricoh, Quicken, Videotron, Mirabel Airport, and other notables. Anthony has a degree in Creative Arts. and has lectured at McGill University in entrepreneurial studies.

There is disclosed a template for a computer keyboard which provides markings constituting a measurement scale. The template provides an aperture therein to thereby permit keys of the keyboard to passthere through. The measurement scale has units of measurement which may be in inches, centimeters, millimeters, Pica units, point sizes and Agate lines.

U.S. Senate confirmed nomination of Thurgood Marshal as U.S. solicitor general.