The decision was 5-4.
The church argued that the state policy treated church services differently from other large gatherings including casinos, gyms and restaurants.
A lower court had ruled against the church.
Although the court's order was unsigned, Justices Samuel Alito, Clarence Thomas, Brett Kavanaugh and Neil Gorsuch dissented, meaning that Chief Justice John Roberts provided the necessary fifth vote by joining the liberals on the bench.
The order marks the second time Roberts has voted to reject a request from a church amid the pandemic.
In May, he sided with the liberals in a 5-4 order against a church in California that was challenging limitations on the number of people who could attend services.
In the Nevada case, lawyers for the state argued that the policy -- aimed at limiting the amount of people who congregate -- must be different from policies for "individual engagement in commerce." The policy limits mass gatherings to 50 people.
"Temporarily narrowing restrictions on the size of mass gatherings, including for religious services, protects the health and well-being of Nevada citizens during a global pandemic," the state argued.
Alito, writing one dissent that was joined by Thomas and Kavanaugh, said the "Constitution guarantees the free exercise of religion. "
"It says nothing about the freedom to play craps or black-jack, to feed tokens into a slot machine, or to engage in any other game of chance," he said.
Alito charged that Nevada Gov. Steve Sisolak, a Democrat, "apparently has different priorities."
"A public health emergency does not give Governors and other public officials carte blanche to disregard the Constitution for as long as the medical problem persists," Alito wrote.
Gorsuch wrote his own dissent, noting that the state's policy handles movie houses and casinos differently from churches.
"The world we inhabit today, with a pandemic upon us, poses unusual challenges," Gorsuch wrote.
"But there is no world in which the Constitution permits Nevada to favor Caesars Palace over Calvary Chapel," he added.
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