Culture Matters

Dara E Healy

Now, La Diablesse is the devil woman

She always wearing a big hat to cover she face

And a long dress down to the ground to cover she foot

'Cause La Diablesse have one good foot and one cow foot

And nowadays ah hear they wearing pants suit

So look to your left and look to your right

You might be sitting down next to a La Diablesse!

- Paul Keens-Douglas - Jumbies, Duppies and Spirits

I SENSE A deep ambivalence towards our folklore. On the one hand, the average citizen has some general idea about soucouyant, Papa Bois, Mama D'lo or Gang Gang Sara. On the other, our eager adoption of Halloween witches, vampires and the baffling consumption of candy threatens to expose our douen-like behaviour as described by Leroy Clarke.

In his paintings and poetry about the subject, the master-artist reflected that too often we behave like douens with our feet turned backwards, not sure what direction to go in, overly eager to embrace foreign culture. Was he right and why is it important to embrace our local traditions?

The celebration of Halloween has ancient roots, founded on the spiritual practices of the Druids of early Britain, around the second century. The Druids believed in man's connection to universal energies. The change of the season from autumn into the colder, darker winter months was a time of reflection and making plans for protection from the harsh elements.

October 31 was significant to the period of transition. Villagers would dress in costumes and light bonfires to keep away the ghosts of the dead who they believed would return to Earth on this night. This event was called Samhain (pronounced sah-win) and marked the start of a new year.

In time, November 1 was declared as a day to honour all saints. The day before All Saints Day became known as All Hallows Eve (hallow means holy or sacred) and later, Halloween. Immigrants to the US recreated their traditions. The practice of wearing costumes and lighting fires to ward off ghosts transformed into dressing up and doing performances or magic tricks for the reward of food or treats. In the US Halloween is now the second largest commercial holiday after Christmas, with billions spent on decorations, costumes and candy.

The history of this celebration and the fact that Barbie is said to be the most popular costume this year, make our fascination with Halloween even more "douen-like." Our folklore, at least the more popular elements, are predominantly African in origin, with European elements such as the French names of many of the characters. Mammy Water, as Mama D'lo is known in Nigeria and Ghana, has links to Osun in the Ifa/Orisha belief system.

Maureen Warner-Lewis notes there are many African proverbs and folktales warning against becoming obsessed with external beauty as with La Diablesse. Dwen is a Kalabari or Efik/Ibibio phrase that speaks to African traditions of keeping new-born babies away from family. My grandmother used to push out her mouth and order people to