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South Africa is facing a nightmare before Christmas, as COVID-19 cases continue to soar. Here's the data behind Zweli Mkhize's 'second wave' announcement.
The president also stressed the importance of keeping the economy open after months of stifling movement restrictions.
He urged citizens not to drop their guard and continue adhering to the health rules, such as wearing face masks and respecting curfew times.
South Africa has recorded just over 800,000 coronavirus infections - more than a third of the cases reported across the African continent - and over 20,000 deaths.
AFP
Born in Washington, D.C. on August 8, 1934, Julian Dixon represented part of Los Angeles in the U.S. House of Representatives for twenty-two years. After serving in the U.S. Army from 1957 to 1960, Dixon attended California State University, Los Angeles. He earned a bachelor’s degree in 1962 and entered Southwestern University Law School in Los Angeles, California. He received a J.D. from the institution in 1967. Dixon initially practiced law soon after his graduation but later served as an aide to California State Senator Mervyn Dymally.
In 1972, Dixon was elected to the California State Assembly representing West Los Angeles. He was reelected twice and during his last term served as Chair of the Assembly Democratic Caucus. In 1978 he was elected to a seat in the United States House of Representatives. As Democratic representative of California’s 32nd district, which includes much of West Los Angeles, Dixon joined campaigns for education, labor, health care, and environment reforms. A strong supporter of mass transit, he used his influence to allocate federal money to improved public transportation in Greater Los Angeles.
Dixon was a staunch advocate for civil rights. For much of his life he was an active member of the Los Angeles branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the local chapter of the Urban League. As a senior member of the Congressional Black Caucus, he backed legislation that called for the construction of a Martin Luther King Memorial in Washington, D.C. In addition, after the 1992 Los Angeles uprising, Dixon supported legislation that would provide business owners with money to rebuild their establishments.
Within the House of Representatives Julian Dixon served on committees concerned with defense, congressional ethics, and federal funding. He has chaired several committees including the House Ethics Committee and the Committee on Standards of Official Conduct. As chair of the House Ethics Committee he led the investigation of House Speaker
Basic Education Minister Angie Motshekga says that an international study shows an increase from 2003 in the number of pupils with basic maths and science knowledge.
Nelson Mandela was arrested near Howick, South Africa, and charged with incitement; he received a five-year sentence later in the year.
Gobo Fango was born in the Eastern Cape Colony in what is now South Africa around 1855, just before the beginning of the eighth of the nine Xhosa Wars (Cape Frontier Wars) against British and Boer settlers. Fango was a member of the Gcaleka tribe, a sub-group of the Xhosa peoples. These frontier wars brought poverty and privation to the Xhosa people forcing his starving mother to abandon him at the age of three, leaving him in the crotch of a tree where he was found by the sons of Henry and Ruth Talbot, English-speaking settlers on the Cape Frontier. They claimed him and raised him as an indentured servant. Two years later, in 1857, the Talbot family was baptized by Latter Day Saint (LDS) missionaries. Shortly afterwards the Talbots sold their belongings and made preparations for the migration to Utah Territory. On February 20, 1861, they boarded the ship Race Horse, bound for Boston, Massachusetts and from there took a train to Chicago, Illinois. Arriving in Chicago on the eve of the Civil War, abolitionists accused the Talbots of bringing a slave across the free states, forcing them to hide the six-year-old under a passenger’s skirts until the search ended.
The Talbot family continued west through Iowa and to Florence, Nebraska Territory and outfitted wagons for their remaining trek to Utah. They arrived in Salt Lake City on September 13, 1861 and eventually settled in Kaysville, Utah, where Fango worked as a farm laborer for the Talbots. Because he slept in a shed, his feet were frozen, forcing him to walk with a limp for the rest of his life.
When Fango was a teenager, the Talbots sold him to the Lewis Whitesides family even though he was officially freed at the age of seven when the U.S. Congress abolished slavery and indentured servitude in all U.S. territories including Utah. Fango was sold again (illegally) to Ruth Whitesides Hunter and brought to Grantsville where he helped with the family’s sheep herding. By the early 1880s he had settled in the Goose Creek Valley in Idaho Territory. By
President: Ian Khama (2008)
Land area: 226,012 sq mi (585,371 sq km); total area: 231,803 sq mi (600,370 sq km)
Population (2014 est.): 2,155,784 (growth rate: 1.26%); birth rate: 21.34/1000; infant mortality rate: 9.38/1000; life expectancy: 54.06; note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2014 est.)
Capital and largest city (2011 est.): Gaborone, 202,000
Monetary unit: Pula
Twice the size of Arizona, Botswana is in south-central Africa, bounded by Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and South Africa. Most of the country is near-desert, with the Kalahari occupying the western part of the country. The eastern part is hilly, with salt lakes in the north.
Parliamentary republic.
The earliest inhabitants of the region were the San, who were followed by the Tswana. About half the country today is ethnic Tswana. The term for the countrys people, Batswana, refers to national rather than ethnic origin.
Encroachment by the Zulu in the 1820s and by Boers from Transvaal in the 1870s and 1880s threatened the peace of the region. In 1885, Britain established the area as a protectorate, then known as Bechuanaland. In 1961, Britain granted a constitution to the country. Self-government began in 1965, and on Sept. 30, 1966, the country became independent. Botswana is Africas oldest democracy.
The new country maintained good relations with its white-ruled neighbors but gradually changed its policies, harboring rebel groups from South Rhodesia as well as some from South Africa.
Although Botswana is rich in diamonds, it has high unemployment and stratified socioeconomic classes. In 1999, the nation suffered its first budget deficit in 16 years because of a slump in the international diamond market. Yet Botswana remains one of the wealthiest and most stable
One of South Africa's most beloved celebrities has been recognised for inspiring others during the national lockdown.
Name at birth: Rolihlahla Mandela
Nelson Mandela spent 27 years as a political prisoner in South Africa before becoming, an a remarkable twist, the countrys first black president. Nelson Mandela was a leading member of the African National Congress (ANC), which opposed South Africas white minority government and its policy of racial separation, known as apartheid. The government outlawed the ANC in 1960. Mandela was captured and jailed in 1962, and in 1964 he was convicted of treason and sentenced to life in prison. He began serving the sentence as prisoner number 46664 on Robben Island, near Cape Town, but instead of disappearing from view, Mandela became a prison-bound martyr and worldwide symbol of resistance to racism. South African President F.W. de Klerk finally lifted the ban on the ANC and released Mandela in 1990. Nelson Mandela used his stature to help dismantle apartheid and form a new multi-racial democracy, and he and de Klerk shared the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993. Nelson Mandela was elected the countrys president in 1994. He served until 1999, when he was succeeded by his deputy Thabo Mbeki. Mandela remained a celebrated figure in South Africa and throughout the world until his death in 2013. His autobiography, Long Walk to Freedom, was published in 1994.
Nelson Mandela was also called ‘Madiba,’ a nickname taken from his clan… He said in Long Walk to Freedom that he was given the English name “Nelson” by his teacher on his first day at school… Nelson Mandela was married three times: to the former Evelyn Mase from 1944 to 1957, to Winnie Madikizela from 1958 to 1996, and to Graca Machel from 1998 until his death in 2013… Nelson Mandela’s wife Winnie became a powerful figure in her own right while Mandela was imprisoned; however, her entanglement in a series of scandals led to the couple’s estrangement in 1992, her dismissal from his cabinet in 1995, and their official divorce in 1996… Nelson Mandela has been played in the movies by Idris Elba (Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom, 2013), Morgan Freeman
Africa ăf´rĭkə [key], second largest continent (2009 est. pop. 1,010,000,000), c.11,677,240 sq mi (30,244,050 sq km) including adjacent islands. Broad to the north (c.4,600 mi/7,400 km wide), Africa straddles the equator and stretches c.5,000 mi (8,050 km) from Cape Blanc (Tunisia) in the north to Cape Agulhas (South Africa) in the south. It is connected with Asia by the Sinai Peninsula (from which it is separated by the Suez Canal) and is bounded on the N by the Mediterranean Sea, on the W and S by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the E and S by the Indian Ocean. The largest offshore island is Madagascar; other islands include St. Helena and Ascension in the S Atlantic Ocean; São Tomé, Príncipe, Annobón, and Bioko in the Gulf of Guinea; the Cape Verde, Canary, and Madeira islands in the N Atlantic Ocean; and Mauritius, Réunion, Zanzibar, Pemba, and the Comoros and Seychelles in the Indian Ocean.
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We must change our behaviour now to prevent a resurgence of the virus and manage outbreaks wherever they occur, President Cyril Ramaphosa said in his address on Thursday night.
Black and white leaders in South Africa approved the new democracy constitution that gave blacks the vote and ended white minority rule.
We look back on this day in history and remember the people and events that shaped the world we live in today. Every day is worth remembering.
The following speech, a sermon Dr. Martin Luther King gave at Mason Temple in Memphis, Tennessee, on April 3, 1968, was the last public appearance before his assassination the next day. King, in Memphis to support a strike by garbage workers, gives a poignant vision of the victorious future of the civil rights struggle, but without him there to witness its final triumph. To many in the audience and beyond, King’s speech seemed to predict his own death
Thank you very kindly, my friends. As I listened to Ralph Abernathy and his eloquent and generous introduction and then thought about myself, I wondered who he was talking about. Its always good to have your closest friend and associate to say something good about you. And Ralph Abernathy is the best friend that I have in the world. Im delighted to see each of you here tonight in spite of a storm warning. You reveal that you are determined to go on anyhow.
Something is happening in Memphis; something is happening in our world. And you know, if I were standing at the beginning of time, with the possibility of taking a kind of general and panoramic view of the whole of human history up to now, and the Almighty said to me, Martin Luther King, which age would you like to live in? I would take my mental flight by Egypt and I would watch Gods children in their magnificent trek from the dark dungeons of Egypt through, or rather across the Red Sea, through the wilderness on toward the promised land. And in spite of its magnificence, I wouldnt stop there.
I would move on by Greece and take my mind to Mount Olympus. And I would see Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, Euripides and Aristophanes assembled around the Parthenon. And I would watch them around the Parthenon as they discussed the great and eternal issues of reality. But I wouldnt stop there.
I would go on, even to the great heyday of the Roman Empire. And I would see developments around there, through various emperors and leaders. But I wouldnt stop there.
I would even come up to the day of the Renaissance, and
Andrew Young, Jr., came into prominence as a civil rights activist and close associate of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., during the modern civil rights movement in the United States. Young worked with various organizations early in the movement, but his civil rights work was largely done with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) where he served as an executive director and later executive vice president. Young served on the Board of Directors until 1972.
Young was born into a prosperous upper-middle-class family on March 12, 1932 in New Orleans, Louisiana to Daisy Fuller, a school teacher, and Andrew Jackson Young, Sr., a Howard University-educated dentist. Young, Sr. moved the family from Franklin, Louisiana to New Orleans. Young, Sr., believed the move was necessary to take advantage of educational opportunities for Andrew and his younger brother Walter Young (b. 1934).
Andrew Young Jr. entered the Gilbert Academy—the urban preparatory academy for Dillard University—at the age of 11 and graduated from Gilbert at age 15. Because of his age, Young attended nearby Dillard University for a year and then transferred to Howard University during his sophomore year. It was at Howard University, Young noted, that he learned to “embrace the strengths of the black middle class.”
Young earned a B.S. degree in Pre-Med (biology) from Howard University (1951), but chose to become a minister. He attended Hartford Theological Seminary and graduated with a degree in divinity in 1955. Soon afterwards he became a pastor at Bethany Congregational Church in Thomasville, Georgia. In 1961 Young resigned his pastoral position and joined the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), which had been founded in Atlanta by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. three years earlier. Young quickly emerged as a trusted lieutenant of King and served as a principal strategist and negotiator during the Civil Rights Campaigns in Birmingham and Selma, Alabama that resulted in the passage of the Civil Rights Bill of 1964 and
South Africa mandates League of Nations mandate over Southwest Africa
Mozambique mō˝zəmbēk´ [key], officially Republic of Mozambique, republic (2005 est. pop. 19,407,000), 302,659 sq mi (784,090 sq km), SE Africa. It borders on the Indian Ocean in the east; on South Africa and Swaziland in the south; on Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Malawi in the west; and on Tanzania in the north. Maputo is the capital and largest city.
The EFF said that from all organisations who have made contributions to the Solidarity Fund, the party have been front-runners.
Rage has become abject fury this weekend, after the well-known matric parties allegedly caused a huge spike in COVID-19 cases. KZN is now in turmoil...
HastingsBanda, the first president of Malawi, was initially presented to the Malawipeople by British Colonial officials as the best person who could lead them intoindependence. Later as the country’s self-declared “life president,” Banda transformedthis African democracy into a repressive dictatorship that spanned threedecades. The regime eventually succumbed to international pressure forpolitical reform, forcing Banda out of the presidency at the age of 98.
Banda wasborn about 1896 near Mthunthama, Kasungu, a province in the southeast African Britishcolony of Nyasaland. At the age of 20 hemoved to South Africa where he planned to attend Lovedale College. Instead, he spent the next 10 years workingat the Witwatersrand deep mine in Boksburg.
In 1922 Bandajoined the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church and a year later metAmerican Bishop William T. Vernon, who would sponsor Banda’s travel to theUnited States to study. Banda arrived in the United States in 1925 and enrolledin AME Church’s Wilberforce Institute in Ohio, where he graduated in threeyears. Banda then earned a medical degree, continuing his studies in 1938 atthe School of Medicine of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons inEdinburgh, Scotland. After World War II, Banda established a successfulpractice in London.
Active inthe Pan-African movement, Banda acted as an overseas advisor when the NyasalandAfrican Congress (NAC) formed in 1944, and in 1953 he left London to establisha medical practice in West African Ghana. After five years there he returned to Nyasaland when the NAC convincedhim to lead the fight for decolonization. Riots and other challenges to British rule in early 1959 led to thebanning of the NAC, and Banda and many other Congress members were imprisoned.
After ayear, Banda was released and took over the Malawi Congress Party (MCP), formedto replace the NAC. On July 6, 1964, Nyasaland became independent and wasrenamed Malawi with Banda as its first head of state. Within two months, Bandaoutlawed all other political parties
The DA says the National Command Council is considering two lockdown restrictions that could have a disastrous impact on the economy.
Ethiopia, one of the only two independent African nations at the time, was invaded on October 3,1935 by Facist Italy under Benito Mussolini. The Italians, seeking revenge for their prior
humiliating loss to Ethiopia over 40 years earlier, committed countless atrocities on the independent African state. Poisonous gas, aerial bomabrdment, flame throwers and
concentration camps were all employed against the ill equipped Ethiopian people.
Black outrage throughout the world was unified. The League of Nations,
forerunner to the UN, was criticized sharply for supplying weapons to Italy and
not to Ethiopia. Such actions confirmed Black suspicion that the war was of racial
motivation and sought to extinguish the last light of African power in the world.
From Kingston to Johannesburg, from Detroit to Ghana, form Port-of-Spain to
Paris, Black men and women offered to go fight in defense of Ethiopia. And as
battles raged between Ethiopians and Italians in Africa, battles raged between
Blacks and Italians in the streets of New York. In South Africa, Black workers
began a lengthy march up the continent to assist their African brothers in Ethiopia.
Elsewhere, ex-service men discarded their European and American citizenships to
bring their military expertise to the defense of Ethiopia. The exiled Ethiopian
Emperor Haile Selassie became a near legendary figure to many. Not before or
ever since was such a strong sense of Pan-Africanism seen throughout the world.
And though Italy succeeded in defeating the African nation, Blacks everywhere
would continue the struggle until Ethiopia was free.
Ambassador Richard Lewis Baltimore III was born on December 31, 1947 in New York City, New York to Judge Richard Lewis Baltimore, Jr. and Lois Madison-Baltimore. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in International Affairs from George Washington University in Washington, D.C. in 1969 and earned a juris doctor from Harvard Law School in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1972. Upon graduating from law school, Baltimore entered the Foreign Service. He accepted a position with the U.S. State Department and was posted to the U.S. Embassy in Lisbon, Portugal, where he served as Economic/Political Officer until 1975. After his post in Lisbon ended, Baltimore accepted a special assignment to Zambia during the civil war in Rhodesia.
Baltimore was posted to the U.S. Embassy in Pretoria, South Africa from 1976 to 1979. During this period, South Africa was under apartheid, which entailed white minority rule and the obstruction of civil rights for South Africa’s black population. Despite these challenges, Baltimore made great progress in improving relations with South Africa. After his post in South Africa ended, Baltimore served as Special Assistant to three Secretaries of State (Cyrus Vance, Edmund Muskie, and Al Haig) from 1979 to 1981.
In 1981, Baltimore served as a political officer at the U.S. Embassy in Cairo, Egypt. His next assignment was in the office of the political chief at the U.S. Embassy in Budapest, Hungary. He worked in this capacity from 1984 to 1987. Baltimore was then appointed Deputy Director of the Regional Affairs Office of the State Departments Bureau of Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs in 1987. A year later, he became its Director. He returned to Budapest in 1990 as Deputy Chief of Mission for the U.S. Embassy and remained in this position for four years. After returning to Washington, D.C., Baltimore became senior policy adviser to the Assistant Secretary of State for European and Canadian Affairs. Other positions held by Baltimore include Deputy of Mission at the U.S. Embassy in San Jose,
[allAfrica] Cape Town -- As of November 30, the confirmed cases of Covid-19 from 55 African countries have reached 2,163,577. Reported deaths in Africa have reached 51,724 and recoveries 1,830,891.
Mandela, Nelson Rolihlahla khōl-ēhlä´hlä mändā´lä [key], 1918–2013, South African statesman. He earned a degree (B.A., 1943) after being expelled from the University College of Fort Hare (for taking part in a student protest) and finishing his studies with the Univ. of South Africa, studied (1943–48) law at the Univ. of the Witwatersrand (but did not earn his LL.B. until 1989, from the Univ. of South Africa), and was prominent in Johannesburgs youth wing of the African National Congress (ANC). In 1952 he became ANC deputy national president, advocating nonviolent resistance to apartheid . After a group of peaceful demonstrators were massacred (1960) in Sharpeville, however, Mandela organized a paramilitary branch of the ANC to carry out guerrilla warfare against the white government. After being acquitted (1961) on charges of treason after a six-year trial, he was arrested (1962) and convicted first (1962) of inciting strikes and illegal travel and later (1964) of sabotage and conspiring to overthrow the government. At the latter trial he was sentenced to life in prison, where he subsequently became the leading symbol of South Africas oppressed black majority but also began (late 1980s) secret negotiations with the government.
Released in 1990 as an expression of President de Klerk s commitment to change, Mandela was elected (July, 1991) ANC president after a triumphal global tour. He represented the ANC in the turbulent negotiations that led to establishment of majority rule. Mandela and de Klerk were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993. After South Africas first multiracial elections (1994), in which the ANC won a majority, Mandela was elected president.
Mandelas presidency was marked by his efforts to reconcile many of the various opposing sides in the long antiapartheid struggle (which were sometimes criticized by more militant blacks) and his work to establish a multiracial democracy based on the rule of law. A new constitution was adopted (1996), and moderate progress made in
Health Minister Zweli Mkhize said they had recorded a high number of COVID-19 infections amongst people aged between 15-19, in the previous two days
Current government officials
Languages: English 7% (official), Afrikaans is common language of most of the population and of about 60% of the white population, German 32%; indigenous languages: Oshivambo, Herero, Nama: 1%
Ethnicity/race: black 87.5%, white 6%, mixed 6.5%. Note: about 50% of the population belong to the Ovambo tribe and 9% to the Kavangos tribe; other ethnic groups are Herero 7%, Damara 7%, Nama 5%, Caprivian 4%, Bushmen 3%, Baster 2%, Tswana 0.5%
Religions: Christian 80%–90% (Lutheran at least 50%), indigenous beliefs 10%–20%
National Holiday: Independence Day, March 21
Literacy rate: 88.8% (2010 est.)
Economic summary: GDP/PPP (2012 est.): $16.84 billion; per capita $7,800. Real growth rate: 4%. Inflation: 5.8%. Unemployment: 51.2%. Arable land: .99%. Agriculture: millet, sorghum, peanuts, grapes; livestock; fish. Labor force: 818,600; agriculture 16.3%, industry 22.4%, services 61.3% (2008 est.). Industries: meatpacking, fish processing, dairy products; mining (diamonds, lead, zinc, tin, silver, tungsten, uranium, copper). Natural resources: diamonds, copper, uranium, gold, lead, tin, lithium, cadmium, zinc, salt, vanadium, natural gas, hydropower, fish; note: suspected deposits of oil, coal, and iron ore. Exports: $4.657 billion (2012 est.): diamonds, copper, gold, zinc, lead, uranium; cattle, processed fish, karakul skins. Imports: $5.762 billion (2012 est.): foodstuffs; petroleum products and fuel, machinery and equipment, chemicals. Major trading partners: South Africa, U.S. (2006).
Communications: Telephones: main lines in use: 140,000 (2011); mobile cellular: 2.24 million (2011). Broadcast media: 1 private and 1 state-run TV station; satellite and cable TV service is available; state-run radio service broadcasts in multiple languages; about a dozen private radio stations; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available (2007). Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 78,280 (2012). Internet users: 127,500,600 (2009).
Transportation: Railways: total: 2,626 km (2008).
Six people, including four pedestrians, have died after a truck ploughed into five vehicles in Mokopane, Limpopo.
Before the Civil War, when he was 18, William Grose left his home in Washington, D.C. and enlisted in the U.S. Navy. Assigned to the USS Vincennes in 1853, he went to South Africa, China, Hong Kong, Japan, Russia and the Arctic during his tour of duty. Grose, who was honorably discharged in San Francisco at the end of his enlistment, worked in the California gold fields and helped African Americans illegally enslaved in California escape their bondage. In 1858 he led his family and a group of African American families to British Columbia where they established a black settlement on the Frazer River.
Encouraged by an interaction with Washington Territorial Governor Richard D. Gholson, Grose came to Seattle in 1860 where he quickly found work as a cook. At the time, Seattle was a small village of 300 people, and the primary source of employment was Henry Yeslers sawmill. Grose, the second black settler in Seattle, prospered and in 1876, he opened his own establishment, a restaurant called Our House. His business was quite successful, and by 1883 he owned and operated a 3-story hotel and restaurant plus a 12-acre ranch in Madison Valley. Grose was a very impressive person, weighing over 400 pounds and by the time of his death was one of the wealthiest men in the city. He was well-known as a generous person who extended credit and friendship to those in need.
William Grose grew up during a time when African Americans were forbidden by law to read and write, yet he traveled to distant shores, settled in Seattle and became a successful businessman and landowner. He was a Mason and one of the founders of the AME Church in Seattle. Known as a generous supporter of African American causes, he was a friendly and respected neighbor in pioneer Seattle.
Chartered in 1672, the Royal African Company was a royally chartered company which had a legally based monopoly on English trade to West Africa until 1698. The monopoly specifically extended through five thousand miles of the western coast from Cape Sallee (in contemporary Morocco) to the Cape of Good Hope (in what is now South Africa).
The Royal African Company traded mainly for gold and slaves (the majority of whom were sent to English colonies in the Americas). Headquarters were located at the Cape Coast Castle (located in modern-day Ghana). The Royal African Company also maintained many forts and factories in other locations such as Sierra Leone, the Slave Coast, the River Gambia, and additional areas on the Gold Coast.
The Royal African Company lost its monopoly in 1698, although it continued to engage in the slave trade until 1731. It was replaced by the Company of Merchants Trading to Africa in 1752.
Royally chartered companies like the Royal African Company were important tools in the opening of the African continent to slave trade and later imperial colonizing ambitions. The Royal African Company was the second such attempt by Parliament, as they had chartered the Royal Adventurers into Africa in 1660. This first attempt failed due to factors relating to a war with Holland.
Sources:
Alexander M. Zukas, “Chartered Companies,” in Encyclopedia of WesternColonialism since 1450 ed. Thomas Benjamin (Detroit: MacmillanReference USA, 2007); K.G. Davis, Royal African Company (London:Longmans, Green and Co., 1957); Robert Law, ed., The English in WestAfrica 1691-1699: The Local Correspondence of the Royal African Companyof England 1681-1699 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006).
Contributor(s):
Bilow, Ali
University of Washington, Seattle
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